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Corpus separatum (Fiume)
The ''Corpus separatum''〔Latin, meaning "separated body"〕 of Fiume (formally known as City of Fiume and its district ((ハンガリー語:Fiume város és kerülete)〔See for example (Act XIX of 1836 ), (Act XXX of 1868 ), (Act IX of 1901 ), (Act XVII of 1911 ), (Statistical Yearbooks of Hungary (1885–1910) ), (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://kt.lib.pte.hu/cgi-bin/kt.cgi?konyvtar/kt06042201/0_0_2_pg_v.html )〕) was the name of the legal and political status of the city of Fiume (now modern Rijeka), instituted by Empress Maria Theresa in 1776, determining the semi-autonomous status of Fiume within the Habsburg Empire until the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 – the longest-lasting known case of an actually implemented corpus separatum.
== Origins ==
Maria Theresa of Austria, with her sovereign decision of 2 October 1776, gave up possession of Fiume, which was a hereditary fief of the Habsburgs within the Holy Roman Empire, and gave it to the Kingdom of Hungary, of which she was also Queen, with a view of fostering trade. Since Hungary proper was some 500 km away, the city was annexed to Croatia, whose territory began at the city walls. Croatia, as a kingdom, was united with Hungary and with it formed the “Lands of the Holy Crown of St Stephen”. Two and a half years later, Maria Theresa, as Queen of Hungary, by a royal rescript dated 23 April 1779, annexed the city of Fiume directly to Hungary as a ''corpus separatum'' (that is, not as a part of Croatia, which was in a personal union with Hungary). Since Fiume had to serve a similar function for Hungary as Trieste did for the Habsburg lands, the Hungarian estates (and probably the Queen) wanted to grant the City a similar degree of institutional autonomy to that already enjoyed by Trieste.
According to Maria Theresa's rescript of 1779, Fiume was created a ''corpus separatum'' - that is, a political body with greater autonomy than a Free imperial city or a Hungarian county, and a territory comparable to the other ''partes adnexae'' constituting the Crown of St Stephen. The city's position was thus comparable to those of the ''regna'': as Trieste was considered to be a crown land of the imperial hereditary lands (''Erblande''), so Fiume was considered to be a ''pars adnexa'' to the crown.
After the royal rescript of 23 April 1779, the stage was set for all the political confrontations that were to happen in Fiume for more than a century and a half. In a sense, it can be said that all history that followed was a long footnote on how to interpret the two acts of 1776 and 1779. The act presented a precedent for the Hungarian constitutional praxis, since it was the first time that a part of the Holy Roman Empire (and a hereditary fief of the Habsburgs) was given to the Hungarian-Croatian kingdom. Therefore, since the Croatian and Hungarian estates had widely diverging interests with respect to Fiume, they produced very different interpretations of the rescript. The Croatians refused to accept the Hungarian reading of the document - they denied that the City could have been excluded from the surrounding territory, that was already framed into a ''comitatus''. During the Napoleonic Wars, the city was briefly part of the Illyrian Provinces, ending its status as corpus separatum. After 1848, the city was included in Croatia as a seat of a ''comitatus'' with no special autonomy.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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